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Multimedia Technology

1. The Emergence of Multimedia

1.1 Trends in information technology (a user perspective)

To understand the motivation behind multimedia computing, it is important to consider information technology from the point of view of the end user (as opposed to the technologist). To an end user, information technology is concerned with access to various forms of information and the ability to cooperate through these forms of information. Any actual technology, which helps in this task, is merely a means to an end. From this perspective, it is possible to identify two separate aspects of information technology, namely the forms of media available to an end user and the ability to efficiently communicate using these media forms. In both these areas, the modern user of information is coming under increased pressure. These pressures are discussed in more details below.

1.1.1 forms of media

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to convey information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of media such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century, this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information. These advances provide a great opportunity for new developments in a range of areas such as education and commerce. However, there are also a number of problems associated with the growth of information in society. In particular, there is a great danger of creating information overload. This problem can be seen, for example, in business where executives are required to make decisions based on an ever-increasing variety and volume of information. Similar problems are also occurring in areas such as government, health care and education.

1.1.2 Problems of communication

A further trend in information technology from a user perspective is the decentralization of information. Most modern organizations are very large and tend to consist of a number of separate institutions typically cooperate through the sharing and exchange of information. Thus, communication is a vital concern for most organizations and efficient communications can make the difference between successful operation and failure. Without the appropriate forms of communication. There is a danger of information starvation; I. e. decision makers do not have the right information to make the correct decisions.

1.1.3 Requirements for information technology

The end user is therefore faced with the two problems of information overload and information starvation. They may either have too much information of May not have the right information. There is therefore a need to help the end user to manage information to ease the burden created by the increasing importance of information. Essentially, the end user needs support to get the right information to the right people at the right time. This clearly cannot be achieved by manual systems. Thus, there is a requirement for automation in the process of information management.

1.2 Trends in information technology (a systems perspective)

From a systems perspective, information technology is concerned with the processing of information and the ability to communicate information between different sites. More specifically, information technology is seen as a combination of computing technology and communications infrastructures. The aim of this technology is essentially to manage information for the end user. The most noticeable trend in information technology from a system perspective has been the increasing integration of media. Traditionally, computer systems dealt exclusively with numerical calculations. However, text processing soon became an important concern for computer designers. Communications technologies were also developed to support the transmission of textual and numerical data. More recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media types supported by computers and communications technologies. Significant steps have been taken in integrating graphics into computer workstations and communications technology. Researchers are now tackling the harder problems presented by audio and video.

2.What is Multimedia?

The previous section has highlighted important trends in information technology from both the end user and technology perspective. Two themes have emerged from this discussion. Firstly, the variety of media types is an important feature of modern information systems. Secondly, in order to deal with the variety, integration is a critical concern. These observations provide a good working definition of multimedia:

MULTIMEDIA=VARIETY+INTEGRATION

It is necessary for a multimedia system to support a variety of media types. This could be as modest as text and graphics or as rich as animation, audio and video. However, this alone is not sufficient for a multimedia environment. It is also important that the various sources of media types are integrated into a single system framework. A multimedia system is then one, which allows end users to share, communicate and process a variety of forms of information in an integrated manner. In essence, multimedia systems are attempting to solve the problems of information management by integrating the various forms of media into the compute/communications infrastructure. There are two benefits of achieving

This level of integration:

· the computer can help in the task of managing and processing the information.

· information user only have to deal with one integrated environment rather than a number of separate information subsystems.

 This is the great benefit of multimedia information systems and is the main motivation behind the current research on the subject.

3.Multimedia Technology

When we just had text on screen, the basic user interface was a DOS prompt or maybe a simple list of choices. Now that we have graphics and text at the same time, we can have a much more intuitive mouse-driven graphics based user interface with pull down menus, as in the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Presentation Manager. When we can add photograph-quality images, animation, good-quality sound, and interactivity, then we ought to be able to make computers much more powerful-and much easier to use. That's the concept behind Multimedia, the newest buzzword. Multimedia, which typically refers to a synthesis of graphics, animation, optical storage, image processing, and sound, is not a single technology, product, or market. Instead, it is a collection of technologies that proponents believe will one day be joined together. So far, most of the activity in Multimedia has taken place on the Macintosh and on the Amiga because of their built-in graphics and sound features but you can expect this technology to spread to other platforms.

Today, the various technologies referred to as Multimedia define a number of individual niches.

One of the most important of these is animation, the capability to have moving images on your screen. Animation is tightly tied in with another concept called desktop video — actually creating and manipulating video images, to produce in-house presentations, rough drafts of commercial videos, or training products. Sound will also play a key role in multimedia presentations. Video images also take up a lot of disk space. To handle this, some groups are looking at optical discs for storage, particularly as erasable optical media become more mainstream. Desktop video and animation is all well and good, but what many proponents see is a way of combining all these elements into an interactive system — interactive multimedia or hypermedia. The concept is to let a user select the direction of a multimedia presentation, easily moving from one element to another. Imagine a movie in which you can control what happens next. Traditional computer languages are far too difficult for this task; perhaps an object-oriented programming system that includes a hypertext system would work. Apple, of course, sees HyperCard as the core element in such a system. This makes a certain amount of sense. HyperCard fits many of the basic criteria: It was designed to be customizable, capable of linking information and incorporating all kinds of information, including text, graphics, and animation. That's not to say there aren't already markets for this technology. Multimedia applications have specific uses all over the spectrum, from professional-quality video production to corporate presentations to engineering visualization to better and easier training and computer-aided instruction products. But you can expect these markets to be more targeted (vertical) than mass marketed, somewhere between CAD and desktop publishing. Let's look at it this way: Using a computer is still more difficult than driving a car of reading a newspaper. In some ideal future, it should be still more powerful — but with multimedia techniques, much easier to use.

4.What is MPC?

What is MPC? MPC stands for "multimedia personal computer". What it means that your computing universe has just changed, forever and for the better. You know you have good reason to own a business-strengh PC at home. It helps you complete the work chores that otherwise would keep you burning the midnight oil back at the office. But what can you do with your home PC powerhouse when you're not working? That's where multimedia comes in. It's relatively cheap and easy to add stereo sound, a CD-ROM drive, and Windows to today's work-at-home PC. What you end up with, though, is something far more revolutionary than just a computer that talks, plays compact discs, and displays pretty pictures. Your multimedia PC — MPC, for short — is the key to discovering books and encyclopedias that bring ideas to life through images and speech, games that match the quality and fun of the best arcade entertainment, and software that unleashes your personal creativity in music, animation, and video. The requirements for an MPC are described in detail in Microsoft's Multimedia PC Specification Version 1.0. Here are the key elements of the spec:

BASE SYSTEM: A Windows-capable system with a 10-MHz 286 or faster CPU; at least 2MB of RAM; a 30-MB or larger hard disk; a 3.5-inch 1.44-MB floppy drive; a 101-key keyboard; a two-button mouse; and parallel, serial, and joystick ports.

VIDE Standard VGA is all that's required; VGA+(8bit color at standard VGA resolution) is strongly recommended.

CD-ROM: A CO-ROM drive that transfers at least 150K of data per second without taking up more than 40 percent of the CPU's attention, plays CD audio, and has an average access time of 1 second or less.

AUDI A sound board with 8-bit, 11.025-KHz sampling and 22.05-KHz playback; a synthesizer capable of playing eight notes simultaneously using five different sounds; a mixer to combine CD audio, sampling, and synth; a microphone input; and MIDI in, out, and thru ports.

 Every new technology has its own buzzwords, and sorting them out can be real detective work. The following is two jargons of MPC.

FULL-MOTION VIDEO

Full-motion video is digitally recorded video played back at the broadcast standard of 30 frames per second, or close enough to that speed so the video appears smooth rather than jerky.

MIDI

MIDI is short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, a standard specification developed by music synthesizer manufacturers. The concept of being able to control several instruments from one keyboard has grown into a method for putting musical instruments, tape recorders, VCRs, mixers, and even stage lighting under the control of a single computer.

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